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Chapter
1
Introduction
Real-time systems are systems whereby the correctness of the computed values and their
timeliness are at the forefront. There are two types of real-time systems, hard and soft real time.
What differentiates hard and soft real-time systems is their tolerance to missing deadlines
and the consequences associated with those misses. Correctly computed values after a
deadline has passed are often useless.
For hard real-time systems, missing deadlines is not an option. In fact, in many cases,
missing a deadline often results in catastrophe, which may involve human lives. For soft
real-time systems, however, missing deadlines is generally not as critical.
Real-time applications cover a wide range, but many real-time systems are embedded. An embedded
system is a computer built into a system and not acknowledged by the user as being a computer.
The following list shows just a few examples of embedded systems:
Aerospace
■ Flight management systems
■ Jet engine controls
■ Weapons systems
Audio
■ MP3 players
■ Amplifiers and tuners
Automotive
Communications
■ Routers
■ Switches
■ Cell phones
Computer peripherals
■ Printers
■ Scanners
Domestic
Process control
■ Chemical plants
■ Factory automation
■ Food processing
Robots
Video
■ Broadcasting equipment
■ HD Televisions
■
■
■
■
Antilock braking systems
Climate control
Engine controls
Navigation systems (GPS)
■ Air conditioning units
■ Thermostats
■ White goods
Office automation
And many more
■ FAX machines / copiers
Real-time systems are typically more complicated to design, debug, and deploy than
non-real-time systems.
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